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NOTES

 

I have used the Good News Bible for all biblical quotations. The precise references are given in the text.

 

Preface

1. I have chosen to restrict my use of capital letters to proper names (individuals, titles, organizations, nations, etc.), and to use lower case for adjectival references to groups of people (e.g. Australians). I intend this to reflect an emphasis upon our common humanity beyond our na­tional and religious differences.

 

Introduction

1. E.F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful, Blond & Briggs, Essex, 1973, p.279.

2. The 1987 US/Soviet Arms Limitation Agreement, which was signed when this book was substantially completed, is obviously a welcome and promising achievement. My concern is that the sustainability of global civilization requires further far-reaching changes in interna­tional power relationships, and that super-power rivalry may re-assert itself to block such changes, as eventually happened after similar hopeful events in 1963.

3. J. Davis, The Firstborn, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1970, p.39.

 

Chapter One

1. This image of the juggernaut expresses something of our sense of being threatened and of being powerless to deal with the threat. One central reference of this image is to the deployment of nuclear weapons by the super-powers, but there are also references to such things as our experience with faceless institutions, with many different kinds of violence and with the feeling that we have no effective control of our lives.

2. I am not concerned to argue points of detail with respect to these scenarios; my concern is with stating and reflecting upon responses to our situation as here pictured. For further details, cf. J.Schell, The Fate of the Earth, Pan Books, Jonathan Cape, London, 1982, esp. pp.3-96.The title of his first chapter, “A Republic of Insects and Grass”, tells much of the story. When I was growing up in the 1950s, it was thought that the rats would take over the role of dominant species

 

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after a nuclear holocaust – it seems that the rats are here a casualty of the progress made by our scientific imagination. For an Australian version of this material, including a scenario of the bombing of Sydney, cf. J.Falk, Taking Australia Off The Map, Penguin, Melbourne, 1983, esp. pp.3-26.

3. For working through our own despair, the best published resources that I know are to be found in Joanna Macy's work; she calls it "despair-work". Cf. J.R.Macy, Despair and Personal Power in the Nuclear Age, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, 1983.

4. Cf. R. Buckminster Fuller, Critical Path, Hutchinson, London, 1980.

 

Chapter Two

1. C.T. Onions (ed.), "Peace'; The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (SOED), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 3rd ed. 1968, p. 1453.

2. There is a significant debate about the relative merits of positively and negatively framed definitions of peace; it seems to me that the debate is not so much about definitions as about the range of issues ap­propriately investigated under the heading of “peace studies” Concep­tual precision in this area is elusive and my comments include some conceptual clarification. One leading proponent of broadly based and positively framed notions of peace is the Norwegian peace researcher Johan Galtung. Cf. J. Galtung, There Are Alternatives! Four Roads To Peace And Security, Spokesman, Nottingham, 1984; and J. Galtung, "'Twenty Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses", Journal of Peace Research, 22:2 (1985) pp. 141-58. Notions of "positive peace "have been criticized as Utopian and im­precise, and therefore as a vehicle for radical left-wing propaganda, by William Maley, Teaching Fellow in Politics at the University of New South Wales at Duntroon. Cf. W.Maley, "Peace, Needs and Utopia", Political Studies, XXXIII (December 1985) pp. 578-91.

3. J.C. Lilly, The Centre of the Cyclone, Julian Press, New York, 1972, Frontispiece.

4. Phillip Island is located on the coast of Victoria; on this particular weekend, I was staying with friends who have a holiday house there.

5. M.Stewart, The Last Enchantment, Morrow, New York, 1979, pp. 489-95.

6. Cf. T.Hobbes, Leviathan (ed. MLOakeshottK Collier, New York, 1962 (first published 1651).

 

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7. B.Mollison and D.Holmgren, Permaculture One, Tagari Publica­tions, Dominion Press, Hedges and Bell, Maryborough, Victoria, 1978, p. 1. One of the most peaceful visions of order that I know is that of permaculture, or permanent agriculture. The term "permaculture" seems to have been invented by Bill Mollison.

8. W.Blake, "An Answer to the Parson'; Poetry and Prose of William Blake (ed. G. Keynes), The Nonesuch Press, London, 1927, p. 100.

9. Cf. P.L.Berger & T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality, Penguin, London, 1966. If proof were required of the suggestive power of book titles, it can be found in the influence of this title in promoting the idea that reality is in some way constructed socially.

10. For one source among many, cf. P. Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi, Self-Realization Fellowship, Los Angeles, Ca, 11th ed. 1977, esp. pp. 345-54 and 419-26.

11. B.Lown, Foreword to R.L. Sivard, World Military and Social Ex­penditures 1986, World Priorities Inc., Washington B.C., 1986, p. 3.

12. F.Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. C.Famngton, Grove Press, New York, 1961, p. 35.

13. Ibid. p. 37.

14. R.May, Power and Innocence, Fontana, Collins, London, 1972, pp. 25-6.

15. Message from the Dalai Lama to Australians, broadcast on ABC radio, May 1986.

16. SOED,"Understanding': Op. cit. p. 2293.

17. W.Blake, "A Poisoned Tree'; in "Songs of Experience': Op. cit. pp. 76-7.

18. Article by Graeme Johnstone in Sun News-Pictorial, Saturday, 6 September 1986, p. 9.

19. Cf. J.D. Marks & V.Marchetti, The CIA and the Cult of In­telligence, Jonathan Cape, London, 1974; and P.Agee, Inside the Com­pany: CIA Diary, Alien Lane, London, 1975.

20. R.A.Moody, Life After Life, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa, 1976, p. 28.

 

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21. W.H.Auden," Vespers: Horae Canonicae'; Collected Shorter Poems 1927-1957, Faber & Faber, London, 1966, pp. 333-5.

22. I.Kellas, Peace For Beginners, Writers & Readers Publishing Co­operative Society, London, 1984, p. 20.

23. C.F.Evans, "Peace'; A Theological Word Book of the Bible (ed. A. Richardson), SCM Press, London, 1957, pp. 165-6.

 

Chapter Three

1. M. Peake, Teaching Peace Studies, Ministry of Education, Melbourne, 1986, p. 2.

2. Although this distinction is fairly obvious, I want to acknowledge hearing it from Eva Pinthus, a British peace educator who visited Melbourne in 1983. We can also distinguish peace research, and the politically-oriented promotion of peace issues, from peace studies and peace education.

3. My point here is that thoughtful study of peace issues does have methods in common with peace research, as well as being an obvious form of preparation for it.

4. In a letter to The Age newspaper in Melbourne, of 20 August 1986, B. Ruxton writes: "Most Australians, I am sure, would regard 'peace studies' as a disturbing program of educational subversion. The sub­ject has emerged as a new method of subtly undermining foreign and defense policies."

5. Cf. N. Wilson, Young People's Views of Our World, Peace Dossier 13, Victorian Association for Peace Studies, Melbourne, 1985.

 

Chapter Four

1. John Adams is minister at the St. Kilda parish (Uniting Church), and I quote this comment from his letter to me after the event." People-sculpture" has its origins in the therapeutic work of Fritz Peris and Virginia Satir, as well as in Psycho-drama; I learned to use this method from Doug Purnell while he was minister (Uniting Church) in Carlton.

2. P. Tillich, The Courage To Be, Fontana, Collins, London. 1952, p.152.

3. J.R. Macy. Op. cit. pp. 17-8.

 

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4. Ibid. pp. 22-3.

5. This account is substantially as I recorded it in my journal at the time.

6. U. Le Guin,   Wizard of Earthsea, Parnassus Press, Berkeley Ca., 1968.

7. Cf. R. May, The Meaning of Anxiety, Ronald Press, New York 1950, pp. 61-7.

8. Cf. C. Castaneda, Journey to lxtlan, Tales Of Power and The Second Ring Of Power, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1972, 1974 and 1979.

9. From the worksheet provided to a workshop on Imaging a World Without Weapons which I attended in 1987 which was led by Elise Boulding.

10. One example of this genre that I can commend for its combination of imagination and restraint is P. Hawken, J. OgiIvy & P. Schwartz, Seven Tomorrows, Bantam Books, New York, 1982.